Ingredient review —Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)
What is it?
Description
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), otherwise known as ubiquinone, is a fat-soluble, non-essential nutrient that plays an important role in free radical scavenging and mitochondrial synthesis of ATP via the electron transport chain. Due to its involvement in energy production and in the reduction of oxidative stress, CoQ10 has been increasingly regarded for its anti-aging properties. (38) The human body stores between 0.5 to 1.5 g of CoQ10 and can synthesize it from tyrosine. (7)(19) CoQ10 continuously interconverts between its oxidized (ubiquinone) and reduced (ubiquinol) state to provide antioxidation and act as a electron-transporting cofactor in the production of energy. While cellular levels are typically stable, several factors may lead to CoQ10 deficiencies, including aging, genetic mutations, several conditions such as cardiomyopathies, fibromyalgia, and liver cirrhosis, and the use of pharmaceutical agents such as statins. (38)
CoQ10 supplements can be derived from living tissues or synthesized by bacteria. Bacterial synthesis of CoQ10 appears to provide several manufacturing advantages, including being more economically and environmentally viable. (7)(28)(29)(172)
Main uses
Formulations
Dosing & administration
Adverse effects
CoQ10 is considered safe and well-tolerated with low toxicity. In reviews of clinical trials, the use of 1,200 mg for up to 16 months resulted in no greater observed adverse event level than placebo and has been shown to be tolerated at doses up to 3,000 mg over eight months. (7)(62) Minor gastrointestinal-related adverse events have been attributed to the large amounts of oil in CoQ10 capsules. (66) However, systematic reviews and meta-analyses either indicate that trials generally do not report significant adverse events or that there is no difference in the prevalence of adverse events between the use of CoQ10 or placebo. (34)(50)(124)(177)(182)
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
- As a lipid-soluble nutrient, CoQ10 absorption is improved in the presence of lipids, such as when consumed with a fatty meal. (7)(19)
- CoQ10 is absorbed in the small intestine in its reduced form, ubiquinol. (7)(19)
- Absorption is slow, with most data showing that the highest concentrations occur within 6-8 hours post-ingestion, regardless of the formulation used. (7)(19)
- Doses should be divided to avoid exceeding active transport capacity and maintain plasma concentrations for longer durations of time. (7)
- After absorption, CoQ10 is packaged into chylomicrons, VLDL (16%), LDL (58%), and HDL (26%) particles for circulation. Approximately 95% of circulating CoQ10 is ubiquinol. (7)(19)
Distribution
- CoQ10 exists in virtually every tissue in the body, particularly as ubiquinol. (7)(19)
- Generally, greater amounts are found in higher energy-requiring organs such as the heart, kidney, liver, muscle, brain, intestine, and lungs (listed in descending order of concentration). (19)
- About half of CoQ10 is found in mitochondrial membranes and lesser amounts in cytosol or individual organelles. (7)(19)
Metabolism
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